Social Vulnerability, Race Tied to Screening Disparities

UTHealth Houston researchers report in JAMA Network Open that US populations more vulnerable based on social factors as well as and racial/ethnic minority status were significantly less likely to receive timely breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings.

Disparities in screening rates were highly associated with a county’s social vulnerability index (SVI) – a tool that uses US Census data to determine social vulnerability at a county or census tract level. The SVI is calculated using factors such as socioeconomic status, household composition, racial/ethnic minority status, housing type, transportation access, language barriers, and more among an area’s population. The index score helps public health officials and local planners better prepare for and respond to emergency events like hurricanes and disease outbreaks, which disproportionately affect areas with higher SVIs.

The study was led by  Cici Bauer, PhD, associate professor of biostatistics and data science, and  Ryan Suk, PhD, assistant professor of management, policy and community health, both with UTHealth School of Public Health.

“We found that counties with higher SVI scores had significantly lower screening rates for all three types of cancer,” Suk said. “These findings suggest that geographically targeted public health interventions could be further informed and improved by a composite measure reflecting the multidimensional measure of area-level social determinants of health.”

Researchers discovered regional disparities in cancer screening rates at a county level across 3,141 US counties, ranging from the lowest-performing county to the highest, including from 54.0% to 81.8% for breast cancer screening, from 69.9% to 89.7% for cervical cancer screening, and from 39.8% to 74.4% for colorectal cancer screening.

“Even though cervical cancer screening rates are high overall, that doesn’t mean that is true everywhere,” Suk said. “Some populations have very low uptake, while in other areas, the cancer screening rate is higher than the national target rate. That’s why we have to focus on these differences by social determinants of health and not only overall average values.”

The population-based, cross-sectional study used county-level information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s PLACES and SVI data sets from 2018 for the counties. Analyses were conducted from October 2021 to February 2022.

The study also found that The likelihood of having a cancer screening in the most vulnerable counties (or, the highest fifth) compared with the least vulnerable counties (the lowest fifth) was 14%lower for breast cancer, 20% lower for cervical cancer, and 28% lower for colorectal cancer. Additional, the study reported that some other area-level factors, such as rural/urban status and healthcare access in the county, were also associated with cancer screening rates. However, these factors did not further explain the geographic variation of the cancer screenings and did not change the association between social vulnerability and cancer screening rates.

Generally, all three cancer screening rates were higher among counties on the east and west coasts and lower in the South.

“Our study emphasizes the benefit of using geospatial analysis in population health for cancer research. It provides a powerful analytical tool to identify target areas for improving cancer prevention and reducing disparities,” Bauer said. “It also provides a way to understand how various social determinants of health may impact the cancer-related outcomes.”

Overall, colorectal cancer screening rates were low throughout the US, Suk said, meaning public health experts should emphasize the importance of these screenings on a broad scale.