Distended epidural varix

Spinal epidural varix

Findings

Unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbosacral spine was performed on a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner. The study demonstrated an anterior epidural structure posterior to L5 and inferior to the L4-5 disc space. The lesion was not evident on axial images. The finding demonstrated an intermediate signal on T1-weighted images (Figure 1) and a bright signal on T2-weighted images (Figure 2). The differential diagnosis was reported as sequestered disc fragment or prominent epidural venous structure. The patient returned for an enhanced exam with thin sections through the L4-L5 disc space. This second exam demonstrated intense enhancement of the lesion (Figure 3). The differential diagnosis at that time included prominent epidural venous structure. Given the patient’s history of multiple myeloma, extramedullary hematopoiesis was also considered.

The patient subsequently underwent an L4-L5 hemilaminectomy. At surgery, a distended venous varix extending into the left neural foramen was identified. The varix was electrocoagulated and resected. His postoperative course was complicated by a mild myocardial infarction. However, he had complete resolution of the leg pain with only some mild back pain. A follow-up MRI showed resolution of the lesion (Figure 4). He has had no recurrence of the symptoms at 1 year.

Discussion

Epidural varix is an uncommon entity originally reported in the literature by Cohen in 1941.¹ The incidence has been reported to be .07% to 1.3%.^2,3,4

The lumbar vertebral venous plexus consists of a retrovertebral plexus framed by paired anterior internal vertebral veins. These vessels are oriented craniocaudally and connected to the ascending lumbar veins, which are located laterally on the vertebral bodies, via the supra- and infrapedicular veins. The lumbar plexus veins course close to the neural foramina and exiting nerve roots. The lumbar segmental veins connect the ascending lumbar veins to the inferior vena cava. This system of veins is valveless, thereby permitting retrograde flow and vascular dilation. The abnormal flow and dilation may occur in cases of caval compression, which may be seen with increased abdominal pressure.⁵ This has been postulated as an etiologic factor in the development of epidural varices.

Clinically, patients often present with radicular symptoms, such as pain, numbness, or parasthesias of the legs. The etiology of the symptoms is unknown; however, an increase in intra-abdominal pressure with compression of the inferior vena cava and resulting venous engorgement and nerve root compression is repeatedly suggested in the literature. This scenario can be seen in pregnancy, obesity, and the valsalva maneuver.¹ In Epstein’s report of 3 cases, one patient’s varix was observed to increase in turgidity and dilation with the patient straining (cough and deep breathing) under direct intraoperative observation by the neurosurgeon.⁶

Venous dilation is also associated with a history of trauma and concurrent herniated disc. Hanley et al. reported a series of 10 patients with epidural varices over 2 years. Six patients had symptoms preceded by dynamic activity, such as twisting, bending, or lifting.⁵ In Zimmerman’s report of 4 cases, 1 followed strenuous swimming and a second followed a fall. These cases were also significant for simultaneous presence of a herniated disc in the same location. Zimmerman thus advanced the hypothesis that the development of the varix may be secondary to compression of vertebral veins by the adjacent disc, thereby leading to dilation and thrombosis.³ In our case, no predisposing factors could be identified. Overall, the development of the varix is likely multifactorial, and further research is required to fully delineate the etiologic mechanisms.

Imaging findings of this entity are often nonspecific. On CT, the lesion appears as a soft-tissue density in the epidural space, often extending into the neural foramen.⁷ Myelography may disclose a filling defect in the contrast column at the disc space level.⁶ On MRI, the varix appears as a dilated, serpiginous flow void in the epidural space. However, this appearance is complicated by the amount of thrombosis present. Flow voids are hypointense on T1- and T2-weighted images, while thrombus can be intermediate or bright on T1 and T2 sequences. As in this case, the dilated vein can show enhancement following intravenous contrast administration.⁸ As such, the appearance varies, and differential diagnosis may include epidural hematoma or abscess, herniated disc, or malignancy. In our patient, given the history of multiple myeloma, extramedullary hematopoiesis was also suggested. Herniated disc is advanced as a possible diagnosis. However, a herniated disc demonstrates low signal on T1 and T2 sequences and does not enhance. Contrast enhancement in a lesion that brightens on T2 images has been suggested as a point of differentiation from nonthrombosed epidural varix versus disc herniation.⁹

Treatment often consists of surgery with coagulation and resection. Postoperatively, patients often report relief of symptoms. We are not aware of any reports of recurrence of this entity following surgery.

Conclusion

We have presented a case of symptomatic epidural varix. This entity is extremely rare, and a radiologist will likely encounter only a handful of such cases in his or her career. However, the diagnosis should be suggested in the proper clinical setting when an epidural lesion brightens on T2 images and enhances with contrast.

1.  Cohen I. Extradural varix simulating herniated nucleus pulposus. J Mt Sinai Hosp. 1941;8:136-138.
2. Gumbel U, Pia HW, Vogelsang H. Lumbosacrale Gefassanomalien als Ursache von Ischialgien. Acta Neurochir. 1969;20:131-151.
3. Zimmerman GA, Weingarten K, Lavyne MH. Symptomatic lumbar epidural varices. Report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:914-918.
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