Cerebral toxoplasmosis

Cerebral toxoplasmosis with necrotic and chronically inflamed brain parenchyma 

Findings

CT without contrast (not shown) showed a 2-cm right parietal hypodense lesion with surrounding edema. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a GE Signa LX 1.5T MRI scanner and magnevist was injected intravenously (0.1 mmol/kg body weight).It showed several enhancing lesions in the right parietal lobe, and the large, main mass showed rim-enhancement (Figure 1). Diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging was performed with an axial single-shot echoplanar sequences (TR/TE, 10000/99, section thickness = 5 mm, FOV= 38 cm) with an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map image, and a demonstrated heterogeneous but relatively isointense mass to the unaffected white matter on DW imaging, with a corresponding ADC map-image showing an iso/hyperintense mass with surrounding vasogenic edema (Figure 2). 

Discussion

Toxoplasmosis, an infection with a worldwide distribution, is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii.Immunocompetent people with primary infection are usually asymptomatic, but latent infection can persist for the life of the host. Inimmunocompromised patients, especially patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the parasite can reactivate and cause disease, usually when the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100 cells/µl. Patients with AIDS and < 100 CD4 cells/µl, who are toxoplasma seropositive, have an approximately 30% probability of developing reactivated toxoplasmosis if they are not receiving effective prophylaxis. The most common site of reactivation is the central nervous system (CNS), and toxoplasmosis is the most common CNS opportunistic infection in AIDS patients.¹

In the AIDS population, differentiation of cerebral toxoplasmosis and lymphoma can be a challenging clinical and radiological problem. These lesions are two of the most common focal brain lesions in patients with AIDS, and they typically occur when patients are severely immunocompromised. At presentation, symptoms and signs of neurologic disease in HIV-positive patients are frequently nonspecific. In radiologic terms, either disease can present as a single mass or as multiple lesions that show ring-shaped contrast enhancement on CT and MR images.² Also, the two diseases occasionally have been documented to coexist, which further complicates diagnosis.³ Accurate and early diagnosis is important because the treatment and prognosis for these diseases are so different. Because of this diagnostic dilemma, other radiologic techniques have been suggested as a means of distinguishing between the two conditions.

Toxoplasmosis lesions are most commonly located in the cerebral hemispheric white matter and subcortical gray matter, such as the thalamus and basal ganglia, and CT and MR images show multiple ring-enhancing lesions.⁴ A focal enhancing mass with subependymal spread on CT or MR images and hyperattenuation on nonenhanced CT are features which favor the diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma.⁵ Recently diffusion-weighted MR imaging with ADC maps has been used as a tool for characterizing infectious and neoplastic brain lesions.Unlike pyogenic abscesses, the core tissue of rim-enhancing toxoplasma abscesses shows no restriction of water diffusion, and the signal intensity of the abscess core on diffusion-weighted MRI is equal to or less than that of normal, unaffected cerebral white matter. In addition, the measured apparent diffusion coefficient is greater than that of unaffected white matter.⁶ Some investigators also demonstrated that toxoplasmosis lesions show significantly greater diffusion than that of lymphoma lesions, and ADC ratios > 1.6 were associated solely with toxoplasmosis⁷.

A recent prospective study using perfusion MR imaging showed that the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was decreased throughout the toxoplasmosis lesions and in the surrounding edema of both lesion types, whereas all active lymphomas displayed areas of increased rCBV.² Proton MR spectroscopy has been used to assess a variety of intracranial tumors, and diffuse cerebral parenchymal abnormalities in HIV infection. However, the application of spectroscopy to differentiate toxoplasmosis and lymphoma is still questionable.^8,9 Other diagnostic measures have been suggested, and²⁰¹Tl single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been shown to be useful, but diagnostic inaccuracy persists.¹⁰ Similarly,¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is also helpful in distinguishing between the two conditions.^11,12 

Conclusion

At most centers, however, the current clinical policy for AIDS patients with intracranial mass lesions is a therapeutic trial with antitoxoplasmosis chemotherapy for 2 to 3 weeks. Fortunately, the median time to neurologic response is 5 days, with a significant improvement present in > 90% of patients by day 14.⁴ If there is no clinical or radiologic response to the treatment at this stage, biopsy is considered. 

1. Porter, SB, Sande, MA. Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 1643-1648.
2. Ernst TM, Chang L, Witt MD, et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS: perfusion MR imaging experience in 13 patients. Radiology. 1998; 208:663-669.
3. Rodesch G, Parizel PM, Farber CM, et al. Nervous system manifestations and neuroradiologic findings in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Neuroradiology. 1989; 31: 33-39.
4. Ramsey RG, Geremia GK. CNS complications of AIDS: CT and MR findings. Am J Roentgenol. 1988; 151:449-454.
5. Dina TS. Primary central nervous system lymphoma versus toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Radiology. 1991; 179: 823-828.
6. Chong-Han CH, Cortez C, Tung GA. Diffusion-weighted MRI of cerebral toxoplasma abscess. Am J Roentgenol. 2003; 181:1711-1714.
7. Camacho DLA, Smith JK, Castillo M. Differentiation of toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS patients by using apparent diffusion coefficients. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003; 24: 633-637.