NIH Identifies Stromal Disruption as a Biomarker for Aggressive Breast Cancer Risk

Researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have discovered that specific alterations in breast connective tissue, termed "stromal disruption," are linked to an increased risk of developing aggressive breast cancer and to poorer survival outcomes in women with invasive disease. This finding could lead to a new, cost-effective biomarker for identifying high-risk individuals, particularly in settings where advanced molecular diagnostics are not feasible. 

The study, conducted by the National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, analyzed over 9,000 breast tissue samples, including healthy tissue, benign breast disease biopsies, and invasive cancer biopsies. Using machine learning, the team detected subtle changes in the structure and cellular composition of stromal tissue. These changes were associated with known risk factors for aggressive breast cancer, such as younger age, higher body mass index, African American ethnicity, and family history.

In women with benign breast disease, significant stromal disruption correlated with a higher likelihood of developing aggressive breast cancer and a shorter time to diagnosis. Among those with invasive cancer, greater stromal disruption was linked to more aggressive tumor characteristics and reduced survival, especially in estrogen receptor-positive cases.

The researchers suggest that factors like chronic inflammation and wound healing may contribute to stromal disruption.They propose that interventions targeting these processes, such as lifestyle modifications or anti-inflammatory treatments, could potentially reduce the risk of aggressive breast cancer.

This study highlights the importance of the breast tissue microenvironment in cancer development and progression. By focusing on stromal changes, healthcare providers may be able to identify high-risk individuals earlier and tailor prevention and treatment strategies accordingly.